Study shows Dodge City, Kansas has most occurrences
MANHATTAN, Kan. – You don’t need to tell folks in western Kansas that it can get hot there. And sometimes windy. And sometimes really dry. But when all three conditions happen at the same time – and especially for a long period of time – droughts develop, crops produce less grain, and wildfires are sparked more easily.
And according to a new Kansas State University study, the conditions are happening more frequently than they used to in western Kansas, and south into west Texas.
“We found increases in the frequency of hot, dry, windy events over time that indicate new and different patterns in the Great Plains,” said Vahid Rahmani, an assistant professor of biological and agricultural engineering at K-State. “This research showed the highest frequency of hot, dry, windy events occurred in western Kansas southward into Texas for the period 1949 to 2018.”
Rahmani teamed with then-K-State doctoral student Ameneh Tavakol and professor John Harrington in K-State’s Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences on the study. Tavakol is now an environmental scientist in California.
The team analyzed data collected over two time periods, 1969-2018 (50 years) and 1949-2018 (70 years), examining spatial and temporal variations of hot, dry, windy events. The 50-year data came from more stations (44) than were available for the 70-year data (27).
The study, partially funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Ogallala Aquifer Program, was published in the Sept. 24, 2020 edition of Nature Research Scientific Reports.
“Farmers depend on favorable weather conditions for their livelihoods,” Rahmani said. “Devastating crop damage can be caused by events where low humidity, high temperature, and high wind speeds combine to disturb the water balance in plants and intensify evapotranspiration.”
He cited a period in 1888 when a severe stretch of hot, dry and windy days desiccated corn acreage in southern Kansas. Another time, in 1931 and following a month without rain, seven consecutive days of hot winds were reported at Ashland, Kansas, including a report of 120 degrees F on Sept. 5.
Rahmani said this type of research deepens understanding about events such as this year’s derecho, the destructive storm that raced across the U.S. Midwest and caused an estimated $7.5 billion in agricultural losses alone. The August 10 storm swept across several states, flattening crops and damaging homes, businesses and other structures with winds up to 140 miles per hour.
In Rahmani’s team’s research, the scientists found that the largest number of annual hot, dry, windy events occurred in Dodge City, Kansas with 60 occurrences.
Crop damage can occur from just a few hours of hot, dry, windy events, he said.
Those events, also called “furnace winds,” are when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees C or 95 F (a threshold considered critical for crop development), the relative humidity is below 30%, and the wind speed is equal to or greater than 7 meters per second, he added.
“The trend toward increased days of very hot, dry, windy events is significant in the western Great Plains,” he said. “Monthly values indicated the highest probability of hot, dry, windy events in July and lowest chances in May and September during the warm season.”
Rahmani, who leads K-State’s Climatic and Hydrologic Extremes Laboratory, said even as a child, he was interested in water and its availability and use in rural areas and cities. That and a desire to teach at the university level made his career path obvious. Now, his research focuses on how resilient our infrastructures are to climate extremes of droughts and floods and how decision makers can best adapt to those extremes. The goal, he added, is to understand the impacts of climate change on water and food security.
This latest research means at field scale, farmers can use the findings to make better decisions about their irrigation and crop practices. At the regional and national scale, the information can help farmers and planners improve their water management and planting strategies.
“The higher temperatures associated with climate change may increase the frequency of extreme hot, dry, windy events,” he said. “Hot, dry, windy events have implications beyond crop production. Wind-driven wildfires can occur in areas that never experienced them before. Increased evapotranspiration is expected where and when these compound extreme meteorological events were most observed. Adaptation and mitigation strategies may need to be adjusted to effectively cope with the negative impacts of these events.”
Getting into the details
The highest station-based average of annual hot, dry, windy events in the central United States occurred during the droughts of 1980, 2011, and 2012. For the 1949-2018 period, the highest averages of annual hot, dry, windy events were 45 and 31 in 2011 and 1980, respectively.
The trends were not the same across the whole region, however. The research revealed that unlike the upward trend in Texas and the western Great Plains, there has been an overall decrease in these events in the eastern regions of North Dakota and South Dakota.
Previous studies by the research team looked at the probability of climate extremes in a changing climate and evaluation of high temperature extremes in the Mississippi River Valley, and changes in the frequency of hot, humid days and nights in the Mississippi River Basin.
“Our current effort examines how different climate indices can be improved and used to enhance crop yield and water management particularly during extreme climate and hydrologic conditions of drought and flood,” Rahmani said. “We hope that our research helps farmers and others plan to increase their resilience in coming years and decades and at the same time reduce their vulnerabilities in the new conditions.”
FOR PRINT PUBLICATIONS: Links used in this article
Nature Research Scientific Reports https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72624-0
Weather.com https://weather.com/news/weather/news/2020-10-19-midwest-derecho-august-2020-billion-dollar-disaster
IOPscience https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb1ef/meta
IOPscience https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809519309214
Royal Meteorological Society https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/joc.6484
K‑State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well‑being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county extension offices, experiment fields, area extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K‑State campus in Manhattan. For more information, visit www.ksre.ksu.edu. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
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Vahid Rahmani
Written by:
Mary Lou Peter
